Safeguarding
.
Briefing by Luke Clements ~ updated December 2019. This section needs to be expanded considerably. For corrections or suggested additions please contact anjames57@gmail.com
.
Part 7 of the 2014 Act deals with ‘safeguarding’ both for adults and children – although safeguarding obligations are a theme that runs through the entire Act: ‘protection from abuse and neglect’ is defined as a key ingredient of ‘well-being’ (section 2); services are to be developed to prevent people from suffering abuse or neglect (section 15(2)); abuse or neglect can trigger ‘eligibility’ (section 32); and support services can be provided when deemed necessary to protect people from abuse or neglect (section 35(3) and section 37(3)).
The safeguarding duty applies to people ‘at risk’. For an adult this is someone experiencing (or is at risk of) abuse or neglect, and has needs for care and support and as a result of those needs is unable to protect himself or herself against the abuse or neglect or the risk of it (section 126(1)). A child is at risk if experiencing (or is at risk of) abuse, neglect or other kinds of harm, and has needs for care and support (whether or not the authority is meeting any of those needs) (section 130(4)).
Section 197 defines abuse as physical, sexual, psychological, emotional or financial[1] and which may occur in any setting. Neglect is defined as a failure to meet a person’s basic physical, emotional, social or psychological needs, which is likely to result in an impairment of the person’s well-being.
As noted above, people who are considered to be at risk of abuse or neglect are legally eligible for care and support – even if their needs (in terms of achieving specified outcomes) are otherwise insufficient for the purposes of the ‘eligibility criteria’.
The Act creates a National Independent Safeguarding Board (section 132) and provides (in regulations) for local Safeguarding Boards for adults and for children, whose objectives are essentially to ‘protect and to prevent’. In large measure the Act puts on a statutory footing much of the pre-2015 safeguarding guidance (ie ‘In Safe Hands’[2]) – including the imposition of a duty on public bodies to report abuse of adults (s128) and children (s130) and to make enquiries where there is reasonable cause to suspect that a person is at risk.[3] The power to protect property of people being accommodated by a local authority or LHB has also been retained (section 58).
In statutory terms, the most significant new provision concerns ‘adult protection and support orders’ (section 127). This provides for an ‘authorised officer’ of a local authority to obtain an order from the magistrates court that entitles them to speak in private with a person suspected of being at risk in order to ascertain whether she / he is making decisions freely and whether he / she is at risk. The Adult Protection and Support Orders (Authorised Officer) (Wales) Regulations 2015 reg 3 requires that a local authority only authorise a person to apply for an adult protection and support order ‘who has relevant experience, has completed appropriate training and is an officer of the authorising authority’ – but if this is not practicable it can authorise any officer of the authority.
Statutory Guidance in relation to Part 7 of the Act has been issued as six separate ‘Working Together to Safeguard People’ volumes:
- Working Together to Safeguard People: Volume 1 – Introduction and Overview
- Working Together to Safeguard People: Volume 2 – Child Practice Reviews
- Working Together to Safeguard People: Volume 3 – Adult Practice Reviews
- Working Together to Safeguard People: Volume 4 – Adult Protection and Support Orders
- Working Together to Safeguard People: Volume 5 – Handling Individual Cases to Protect Children at Risk
- Working Together to Safeguard People: Volume 6 – Handling Individual Cases to Protect Adults at Risk
These volumes (and templates that can be used to support child and adult practice reviews) these can be download from the Social Care Wales Hub.
Only time will tell whether these measures will be effective. The Act has taken a middle way – between the English Act, which provides no new safeguarding powers, and the Scottish Act[4] which contains (in addition to a power of entry) a power of removal. There is a fear that the Welsh option may be the worst of both worlds – since it provides no power to do anything if the person is found to be ‘at risk’ and it repealed the power of removal under National Assistance Act 1948.[5] This fear may prove to be ill-founded since the police have extensive powers in such cases.[6] The problem of course is that ‘law and order’ is not a devolution issue and so the extent to which the regulations and Code can dictate the safeguarding role to be fulfilled by the police is limited.
For an excellent criticial analysis of the Act’s Safeguarding provisions see John Williams, ‘Adult safeguarding in Wales: one step in the right direction’ in the Journal of Adult Protection, Vol. 19 Issue: 4, pp.175-186.